New Historcism

Invisible by Paul Auster

Plot 

The first section, titled "Spring" and told in first person, chronicles the entanglement of Columbia University student Adam Walker with French political science professor Rudolf Born, who meet in New York City in the spring of 1967 and who form an alliance to publish a literary magazine. Their friendship splinters as a result of a tense love triangle with Born's girlfriend Margot and as a result of a late night mugging that ends in violence.

The second section, "Summer" describes the events in Adam's life later that summer in New York sharing an apartment with his older sister, Gwyn. This section of the story is told in second person. Adam's story of the summer of 1967 is also framed by his having sent his manuscript, written in 2007, to a new character, James, who we are told is a famous author. In the framing story, James tells us how he receives the manuscript from a dying Adam and they arrange to meet.

In the third section, "Fall" we learn that Adam, in 2007, has died before he and James could meet, and has completed only notes of the third and final section of his memoir of 1967. James fleshes out the notes Adam has left in a third person account. "Fall" tells the story of Adam's trip to Paris, where he encounters Born and Margot, as well as other friends of Born's, a woman named Hélène and her daughter Cécile. Adam inserts himself into the lives of these women and contrives a scheme to atone for guilt he carries stemming from his actions following the mugging in New York. At the close of this section James contacts Gwyn, and it is revealed that James has changed every name and setting in the book in order to protect the identity of the author, "Adam."

The final section takes place in 2007. James has been told by Gwyn that the major events of the second section of the book are entirely made-up, and James wonders whether any of the purported memoir is true. In searching for corroboration, James tracks down Cécile, now a distinguished literary scholar. She concludes the story by describing in her diary how she, in 2007, has a final strange contact with Rudolf Born, at his remote island home in the Caribbean.

(from Wikipedia.com)

Analysis

New Historicists aim simultaneously to understand the work through its historical context and to understand cultural and intellectual history through literature, which documents the new discipline of the history of ideas. 

In the case of Invisible, literature made way for the people to know the history, the past of Adam Walker. The novel is written in three different point of view. His past was shown in different angles. The first section is Spring wherein he retold what happened to him that spring. The second during summer, the third section during fall and the last section that took place in year 2007.

American Pragmatism

Saving the World and Other Extreme Sports by James Patterson

Plot

Maximum Ride is an unforgettable 14-year-old girl with a way-out-of-control, hilariously sarcastic attitude. But who can blame her with everything she has on her shoulders, including a pair of 13-foot wings?

Max spent the first part of her life locked in a cage, undergoing cruel tests and horrid experiments as evil scientists fused bird DNA onto her human genes. The results produced a super-human hybrid that can soar high into the clouds. Then, with the help of a sympathetic scientist named Jeb, Max and the other bird kids escaped the evil organization. Fang, Iggy, Nudge, the Gasman and Angel all look to Max for leadership, protection, guidance and even a bit of affection; all of them miss not having real parents to love.

But ever since Jeb betrayed them, handing them back to the evil scientists, Max and the flock know they can’t trust anyone. This fact is reinforced by the supposedly friendly FBI agent who took them to her farm to live there; she turned out to be working with the bad guys, too. So now they are on the run again and trying to save the world, even though they still don’t know what that means. But, according to the mysterious voice that keeps offering vague advice in Max’s head, it is their destiny and their duty. 

In an attempt to pull off this incredible feat, Fang starts a blog. He believes that if he can inform as many of the world’s kids as possible, they could be a future source of help. Even though the number of visitors to his blog grows every day, Max doubts its worth and instead wants to focus on finding a safe place for them to hide. She and Fang leave the rest of the flock in a hidden cave while they search the surrounding area for possibilities. When they return, they discover that the four younger members are gone. The evil scientists have taken them!

Fang and Max track them down but end up being captured again as well; they didn't expect to encounter the new and improved Erasers. This year’s model of Erasers is comprised of mostly robot with an outer layer of skin --- and these soldiers are tougher than ever.

While in captivity the flock learns some scary stuff, yet they don’t know if they should believe any of it. One example is the By-Half Plan, where the bad guys are intending to cut the world’s population by 50%. And another is that Max’s old nemesis, the wolf hybrid named Ari, now seems to be on the flock’s side. Remarkably, Ari helps them escape, yet Fang refuses to trust him or even be in the same vicinity. So Fang decides to leave Max, and Iggy and the Gasman accompany him. Can any of them survive without the others? And how can a divided flock save the world?

Analysis

Saving the World and Other extreme sport is the third installation of James Patterson's novel Maximum Ride. This is a science fiction novel that deals with super-human hybrid that can soar high into the clouds. An experiment was made wherein scientists fused bird DNA onto her human genes. 

In pragmatism, it is centered in linking the practice and the theory, the only way to prove a theory is through the result of the practice. In the novel, the experiments on our main characters (Fang, Iggy, Nudge, Gasman, Angel and Max) is the practice wherein they are trying to prove a theory (which is making a super-human hybrid) But things didn't go well for them, Max and the others had enough so they have decided to fight against the evil scientist.

Structuralsim

One Hundred Years of Solitude 

Gabriela Garcia Marquez

Plot


One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) is the story of seven generations of the Buendía Family in the town of Macondo. The founding patriarch of Macondo, José Arcadio Buendía, and Úrsula, his wife (and first cousin), leave Riohacha, Colombia, to find a better life and a new home. One night of their emigration journey, whilst camping on a riverbank, José Arcadio Buendía dreams of "Macondo", a city of mirrors that reflected the world in and about it. Upon awakening, he decides to found Macondo at the river side; after days of wandering the jungle, José Arcadio Buendía's founding of Macondo is utopic.[1]
Founding patriarch José Arcadio Buendía believes Macondo to be surrounded by water, and from that island, he invents the world according to his perceptions.[1] Soon after its foundation, Macondo becomes a town frequented by unusual and extraordinary events that involve the generations of the Buendía family, who are unable or unwilling to escape their periodic (mostly) self-inflicted misfortunes. Ultimately, a hurricane destroys Macondo, the city of mirrors; just the cyclical turmoil inherent to Macondo. At the end of the story, a Buendía man deciphers an encrypted cipher that generations of Buendía family men had failed to decipher. The secret message informed the recipient of every fortune and misfortune lived by the Buendía Family generations.[6]
(from Wikipedia.com)

Analysis

Structuralism interpet a text or part of a text by taking its language apart. It has symbolism and is objective by nature. 

Here are the symbolism found in the story: The meaning of the thousands of little gold fishes is that it represent Aureliano’s artistic nature and the artistic nature of all the Aurelianos. The railroad represents the arrival of the modern world in Macondo. The railroad also represents the period when Macondo is connected most closely with the outside world. At first, the English encyclopedia is a symbol for the way the American plantation owners are taking over Macondo. The golden chamber pot is a marker of her lofty status. The gold of the chamber pot is associated with royalty, the function of the chamber pot is associated with defecation.

Territorialism

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

C. S. Lewis

Plot

The story starts in 1940 during World War II, when four siblings—Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie—are [[Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II and taken away from London to escape the Blitz. They are sent to live with Professor Digory Kirke, who lives in acountry house in the English countryside.

While the four children are exploring the house, Lucy looks into a wardrobe and discovers a doorway to a magical world named Narnia. There she meets a faun named Mr Tumnus. He invites her to have tea in his home. There he confesses he planned to report her to the usurper queen of Narnia, otherwise known as the White Witch, but has thought better of it. Upon returning to our world, Lucy's siblings do not believe her story about Narnia. Her older brother Edmund enters the wardrobe and meets the White Witch, who introduces herself as the Queen of Narnia and befriends him and offers him magical Turkish delight, which enchants him. She encourages him to bring his siblings to her in Narnia, with the promise that he shall rule over them. Lucy discovers Edmund in Narnia at the lamppost, and they return to the Professor's house. In conversation with Lucy, Edmund realises that the woman who befriended him is in fact the White Witch; however, he does not tell anyone that he has met her, and lies to Peter and Susan, denying Lucy's claim that he too had entered Narnia through the wardrobe.

Soon after, all four of the children enter Narnia together while hiding in the wardrobe. They meet Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who invite them to dinner. The beavers recount a prophecy that the witch's power will fall when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve fill the four thrones at Cair Paravel. The beavers tell of the true king of Narnia, a great lion named Aslan, who has been absent for many years but is now "on the move again."

Edmund sneaks away to the White Witch. Her castle is filled with stone statues – enemies she has turned to stone. The beavers realize where Edmund has gone and abandon their home, leading the children to Aslan. As they travel, they notice that the snow is melting, indicating that the White Witch's spell is breaking. A visit by Father Christmas confirms this. Father Christmas gives the three children and the beavers presents. Peter receives a sword and shield, Susan a horn and a bow, Lucy a vial of magical healing liquid and a knife or dagger, Mrs. Beaver a sewing machine, and Mr. Beaver's dam is finally finished.

The children and the Beavers meet with Aslan and his army. Peter engages in his first battle, killing a wolf that threatens Susan.

The Witch approaches to speak with Aslan, insisting that, according to "deep magic from the dawn of time", she has the right to execute Edmund as a traitor. Aslan speaks with her privately and persuades her to renounce her claim on Edmund's life. That evening, Aslan secretly leaves the camp, but is followed by Lucy and Susan. Aslan has bargained to exchange his own life for Edmund's. The Witch ties Aslan to the Stone Table and then kills him with a knife. The following morning the Stone Table is broken and Aslan is restored to life, explaining to Lucy and Susan that it is due to "deeper magic from before the dawn of time" (which the Witch did not know about), ruling that if an innocent was killed in the place of a traitor, the Stone Table would break and the innocent would be brought back to life.

Aslan allows Lucy and Susan to ride on his back as he hurries to the Witch's castle. There he breathes upon the statues, restoring them to life. Peter and Edmund lead the Narnian army in a battle against the White Witch's army, but are losing. Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements. The Narnians rout the evil army, and Aslan kills the Witch.

The Pevensie children are named kings and queens of Narnia: King Peter the Magnificent, Queen Susan the Gentle, King Edmund the Just, and Queen Lucy the Valiant. Several years later, now adults and mounted on horseback, the siblings go hunting for a white stag. They see the lamppost and go towards it. Just beyond the lamppost, branches become coats. The siblings are back in the wardrobe and are children again. They re-enter the Professor's house.

Analysis

Territorialism discusses how an individual tries to protect his/her possessions. It is creating a specific boundaries or markers on certain things.

The story of  The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe revolves around the fantasy world beyond the wardrobe known as Narnia. In the story, The Witch imposes an enchanted, eternal winter on Narnia, symbolizing a dead, stagnant time. Nothing grows, animals hibernate, and people crouch around fires rather than enjoying the outdoors.  The Witch's winter destroys the beauty and the life in Narnia. The season of winter represents that Narnia has fallen under an evil regime. As snow falls, so does the land of Narnia. The Witch's snow hides all traces of Aslan or the Emperor-Beyond-the-Sea. Narnia is undoubtedly bleak and grim. The Witch wants to avoid an ancient prophecy that says that four humans will someday reign over Narnia and overthrow her evil regime. The said rulers are Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy. Together with Aslan, they fought the evil witch and regained their throne in Narnia. After defeating the witch they ruled Narnia for many years. 

The territorialism here is the part that Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy fought for their rights on the throne and the for the land of Narnia.

Feminism

Not That Kind of Girl by Siobhan Vivian

Plot

It’s a story about a freshman girl who started dating a senior boy, and when she wasn’t ready for anything too physical, he ruined her reputation, and changed her life. Natalie uses that true story as one of the reasons why she has chosen to just opt out completely. After all, if she doesn't play the game, there’s no chance at losing it. And she’s got her eye on the future – even if that means missing out on some of the present. Natalie’s steadfast resolve is threatened by the new crop of freshmen girls, though, who are led by her former babysitting charge. Spencer is brazen, overtly sexual, and totally in charge of her life. But when her antics get her in trouble, Natalie decides to take her under her wing and show her – and the rest of the so-called Rosstitutes – what self respect means. Natalie was sure she was going to teach the freshman girls a thing or two about how to thrive at Ross Academy, and how to rise above the misogyny and sexism that run rampant through the hallways. But instead, they start teaching her lessons – the hard way.

Analysis

Not That Kind of Girl is a classic high school story that has a feminist twist. Natalie is a strong and independent woman who is conscious on how her choices and decisions will affect her. She is a strong woman that is not afraid to fight for herself and what she thinks is right. This has shown the characteristic and ideology of Natalie.

Deconstruction

Shutter Island

Plot

In 1954, two U.S. Marshals, Edward "Teddy" Daniels and his new partner, Chuck Aule, travel to the Ashecliffe Hospital for the criminally insane on Shutter Island located in Boston Harbor, as part of an investigation on the disappearance of patient Rachel Solando, incarcerated for drowning her three children. Shortly after arrival, a storm prevents their return to the mainland for several days. Daniels finds the staff confrontational: the lead psychiatrist, Dr. John Cawley, refuses to hand over records of the hospital staff; Solando's doctor, Dr. Sheehan, had left on vacation after her disappearance, and they are barred from searching Ward C and told that the lighthouse on the island has already been searched.

Daniels starts having migraine headaches, waking visions of his involvement in the Dachau liberation reprisals, and disturbing dreams of his wife, Dolores Chanal, who was killed in a fire set by arsonist Andrew Laeddis. In one dream, Chanal tells Daniels that Solando is still on the island, as is Laeddis. Daniels later explains to Aule that locating Laeddis was an ulterior motive for taking the case.

As Daniels and Aule continue their investigation, they find that Solando has been found by the staff with no explanation. With neither the staff or patients helping, Daniels decides to break into Ward C, and eventually meets George Noyce, another patient. Noyce warns Daniels that Ashecliffe is performing questionable experiments on its patients, and sends the incurable to the lighthouse to be lobotomized. As Daniels leaves, Noyce asserts that everyone on the island, including Aule, is playing in a game designed for Daniels.

Daniels regroups with Aule and they make their way to the lighthouse, but as they attempt to traverse the cliffs, they become separated. Daniels finds a woman hiding in a cave, claiming to be the real Rachel Solando (Clarkson). The woman asserts she was a former psychiatrist at Ashecliffe until she discovered the experiments with psychotropic medication in an attempt to develop mind control techniques. When she attempted to alert the authorities, she was committed as a patient. Leaving the woman, Daniels finds no sign of Aule, and returns to the hospital. Dr. Cawley claims that Daniels arrived alone, with no evidence of Aule ever being there.

Determined but confused, Daniels returns to the lighthouse and breaks into it. At the top, he finds Dr. Cawley waiting for him. Cawley explains that "Daniels" is really Andrew Laeddis, incarcerated after killing his wife after she drowned their children. According to Dr. Cawley, the events of the past several days have been designed to break Laeddis' conspiracy-laden insanity by allowing him to play out the role of Daniels, an anagram of his name. The hospital staff, including Dr. Sheehan posing as Aule, were part of the test, and the migraines that Laeddis suffered were withdrawal symptoms from his medication. (An early scene in the movie, where upon arriving at the island both of them are required to surrender their weapons, is intended to reinforce that Sheehan is merely posing as a federal agent. The scene shows him having difficulty removing his gun from the holster; an actual federal agent would be very skilled at drawing his weapon) The memory of killing his wife briefly returns to Laeddis, and he passes out.

Laeddis awakes in the hospital, under watch of Dr. Cawley and Sheehan. When questioned, Laeddis can provide the details of how he killed his wife, which satisfies the doctors as a sign of progression; Dr. Cawley notes that they had achieved this state nine months before but Laeddis had quickly regressed. The doctor further warns that this will be Laeddis' last chance. Some time later, Laeddis relaxes on the hospital grounds with Dr. Sheehan; he calls him "Chuck" and says they need to get off the island. Some distance away, Dr. Cawley presumably takes this as a sign of regression and Laeddis is taken away. As he is taken away, Laeddis asks Dr. Sheehan, "Which would be worse? To live as a monster, or die as a good man?", and then calmly leaves with the orderlies.

Analysis

Shutter island is classified under deconstruction because the story is misleading. For a literary piece to fall under deconstruction it must have a lot of conflicts and twist and turns. The message of the story is also misleading. The literary piece can give different messages that will lead you to assumptions about the main idea but at the end all that you are thinking or assuming are not true or is not the main idea or the message that the literary piece is trying to impart.  

For the case of Shutter Island, at the start of the movie all the viewers will think that Andrew Laeddis is a war hero and a federal Marshal named Teddy Daniels who  he invents an intricate mental narrative in which conspiracy theories about Shutter Island and a hunt for a patient. At the end of the film it was revealed that Andrew Laeddis is patient 67. He is a disturbed inmate of Shutter Island who the doctors are trying to rehabilitate. The investigation of the island is actually an intricate role playing game made to cure Andrew.

Existentialism

Demons by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Plot 

The novel takes place in a provincial Russian setting, primarily on the estates of Stepan Trofimovich Verkhovensky and Varvara Stavrogina. Stepan Trofimovich's son, Pyotr Verkhovensky, is an aspiring revolutionary conspirator who attempts to organize a knot of revolutionaries in the area. He considers Varvara Stavrogina's son, Nikolai, central to his plot because he thinks Nikolai Stavrogin has no sympathy for mankind whatsoever.

Verkhovensky gathers conspirators like the philosophizing Shigalyov, suicidal Kirillov, and the former military man Virginsky, and he schemes to solidify their loyalty to him and each other by murdering Ivan Shatov, a fellow conspirator. Verkhovensky plans to have Kirillov, who was committed to killing himself, take credit for the murder in his suicide note. Kirillov complies and Verkhovensky murders Shatov, but his scheme falls apart. He escapes, but the remainder of his aspiring revolutionary crew is arrested. In the denouement of the novel, Nikolai Stavrogin kills himself, tortured by his own misdeeds.

Analysis

Existentialism emphasizes on existence, freedom, and choice.

This novel falls under existentialism because it is shown hear how an individual is accountable for their own actions. The case of Nikolai's death, karma went for him for all his wrong doings and misdeeds. It is also believe that individuals have free will to take responsibility for their own actions and accept the consequences. For Verkhovensky's case he chose to escape and runaway from his consequences but the rest of his crew was arrested. Although we have a choice not to face this consequences in life but we are still accountable for this and this actions will still get back to us.

Humanism

Thirteen Reasons Why

Jay Asher

Plot

Clay Jensen, a somewhat shy high school student, returns home from school one day to find an anonymously-sent package sitting on his doorstep. Upon opening it, he discovers that it is a shoebox containing seven cassette tapes recorded by the late Hannah Baker, his classmate and emotionally damaged crush who recently committed suicide by taking a handful of pills. The tapes were initially mailed to one classmate with instructions to pass them from one student to another, in the style of a chain letter, starting from the one involved in the first story to the last. On the tapes, Hannah explains to thirteen people how they played a role in her death, by giving thirteen reasons explaining why she took her life. Hannah has given a second set of tapes to one of their classmates, the identity of whom Clay later discovers, and warns the people on the tapes that if they do not pass them on, the second set will be leaked to the entire student body. This could lead to the public embarrassment and shame of certain people, while others could face physical harassment charges or jail time. Through the audio narrative, Hannah reveals her pain and suffering and her spiral into depression that ultimately leads to her death. She lists her first crush, two former friends, a peeping Tom, a liar, a goof who takes advantage of her, a hater, a thief who steals her poems, a member of the list that had already been mentioned, a cheerleader who crashes into a stop sign, a guy she had a sexual encounter with, the guidance counselor, and Clay himself. They all thought their actions were harmless, but they were wrong. Hannah's tapes will haunt them forever.

(from Wikipedia.com)

Analysis

Humanism requires that the piece present man as essentially rational; that is endowed with intellect and free will. 

Thirteen Reason's Why is the story of Hannah Baker who committed suicide and before her death mailed cassette tapes to Clay Jensen containing the thirteen reasons why she killed herself. 

In this novel, Jay Asher tackled a serious issue now a days which is suicide. It is shown here the most common factors for committing suicide which is depression . 

The main idea is that people tend to think and believe  that life is overwhelming and that death is a welcome escape.   

Autobiography

The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath

Plot

Esther Greenwood, a young woman from the suburbs of Boston, gains a summer internship at a prominent magazine in New York City under editor Jay Cee. At the time of the Rosenbergs' execution, Esther is neither stimulated nor excited by the big city and glamorous culture and lifestyle that girls her age are expected to idolize and emulate. Instead her experiences frighten and disorient her. She appreciates the witty sarcasm and adventurousness of her friend Doreen, but also identifies with the piety of Betsy (dubbed "Pollyanna Cowgirl") and a "goody-goody" sorority girl who always does the right thing. She has a benefactress in Philomena Guinea, a formerly successful fiction writer (based on Olive Higgins Prouty), who will, later during Esther's hospitalization, pay for some of her treatments.

Esther describes in detail several seriocomic incidents that occur during her internship, kicked off by an unfortunate but amusing experience at a banquet for the girls given by the staff of Ladies' Day magazine. She reminisces about her friend Buddy, whom she has dated more or less seriously and who considers himself her de facto fiancé. She also muses about Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who are scheduled for execution. She returns to her Massachusetts home in low spirits. During her stay in New York City, she had hoped to return to another scholarly opportunity, a writing course taught by a world-famous author. Upon her return home, her mother immediately tells her she was not accepted for the course. She decides to spend the summer potentially writing a novel, although she feels she doesn't have enough life experience to write convincingly. All of her identity has been centered upon doing well academically; she is unsure of what to make of her life once she leaves school, and the choices presented to her (motherhood, as exemplified by the prolific child-bearer and vacuous Dodo Conway, or stereotypical female careers such as stenography) do not appeal to her.

Esther becomes increasingly depressed, and finds herself unable to sleep. Her mother encourages, or perhaps forces, her to see a psychiatrist, Dr. Gordon, whom Esther mistrusts because he is attractive and seems to be showing off a picture of his charming family rather than listening to her. He prescribes electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Afterward, she tells her mother she won't go back:

My mother smiled. "I know my baby wasn't like that."

I looked at her. "Like what?"

"Like those awful people. Those awful dead people at that hospital." She paused. "I knew you'd decide to be all right again."

Esther's mental state worsens. She describes her depression as a feeling of being trapped under a bell jar, struggling for breath. She makes several half-hearted attempts at suicide, including swimming far out to sea, before making a serious attempt. She leaves a note that says she is taking a long walk, then crawls into the cellar and swallows almost 50 sleeping pills that have been prescribed for her insomnia. She is discovered under her house after a rather dramatic episode in the newspapers has presumed her kidnapping and death, all taking place over an indeterminate amount of time. She survives and is sent to a different mental hospital, where she meets Dr. Nolan, a female therapist. Along with regular sessions of psychotherapy Esther is given huge amounts of insulin to produce a "reaction", and again receives shock treatments, with Dr. Nolan ensuring that they are properly administered. Esther describes the ECT as beneficial in that it has a sort of antidepressant effect, lifting the metaphorical bell jar in which she has felt trapped and stifled. Her stay at the private institution is funded by her benefactress, Philomena Guinea.

Esther tells Dr. Nolan how she envies the freedom that men have, but as a woman, worries about getting pregnant. Dr. Nolan refers her to a doctor who fits her for a diaphragm. Esther now feels free from her fears about the consequences of sex. She feels free from previous pressures to get married, potentially to the wrong man. Under Dr. Nolan, Esther improves and various life-changing events help her regain her sanity. The novel ends with her entering the room for her interview which will decide whether she can leave the hospital.

It is suggested near the beginning of the novel that, in later years, Esther goes on to have a baby.

Analysis

Autobiographical incorporates the author's own experience into narrative. 

Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist and short story writer. And just like the protagonist, Esther, Sylvia suffered depression and tried to commit suicide. The Bell Jar was written by Sylvia before she committed suicide. 

In the story Esther suffered depression that lead for her to commit suicide. She tried countless of times to kill herself because of this she went mad. Her condition worsened when they tried different things for her to recover. Meeting Dr. Nolan led to her improvement.

But unlike Esther in the story Sylvia did not survive. Maybe that is what she really wanted before she died, for someone to help and rescue her.

Post-colonialism

Walang Sugat 
 Severino Reyes  

Plot

Tulak ng bibig, kabig ng dibdib ang pag-ibig ni Julia kay Tenyong, taal na kulturang Pinay na kung tawagin ay hele hele bago quiere. 

Pinapahirapan ng mga Frayle ang mga bilanggong Pilipino, na inakusahang mga filibusterismo o kaya ay myembro ng Mason. Lalo ang ama ni Tenyong na si Kapitan Inggo. 

Nilinlang ng mga Frayle ang mga dalaw ng mga bilanggo, sa pagkukunwaring nirerespeto nila ang karapatang pantao. Ngunit kabaliktaran ang nangyayari. Namatay si Kapitan Inggo at di nakayanan ni (Ina) Putin ang nangyari at hinimatay. 

Nag-alsa ang mga kalalakihan. Sigaw ng patriotismo. Dahil ang inang bayang ay inaapi na nang tatlong daang taon. Sinugod ng mga Katipunero ang estacion ang Guiguinto. 

Ipinagkakayari ni (Ina) Putin ang anak niyang si Julia kay Miguel na anak ni Tadeo. 

Inutusan ni Julia si Lucas na ipagsabi kay Tenyong na ipinagkakayari na ng (Ina) Juana niya kay Miguel at naitakda na ang petsa ng kasal. 

Hindi lamang taumbayan ang may sentimyento sa mga kolonisador, kundi mga Paring Pilipino tulad ni Pari Teban.

Inestorya ni Lucas kay Tenyong ang dalawang uri ng Pilipinong bumugbog sa kanya: ang taksil ng bayan, ang Makabebe (Macabebe Scouts) at ng mga Katipunero. 

Nalungkot si Tenyong nang nalaman ikakasal na si Julia. Kasama ang mga Katipunero, bumaba sila sa bayan. Nagkunwaring sugatan si Tenyong upang makasal kay Julia. Iyon nga ang nangyari, ikinasal sila. Sila rin sa huli. At hindi sugatan ang kanilang pag-iibigan. 

Analysis

Post colonialism focuses on the oppression of those who were ruled under colonization. It deals with reading and writing of literature written in previous or currently colonized countries.

This falls under post colonialism because the setting of Walang Sugat is during the colonization of the Spaniards.It was shown in the story not only the love story of Tenyong and Julia but also the struggles that the Filipino had suffered. It showed how the Spaniards badly treated those who went against them like killing Kapitan Inggo, whom they call filibustero. The death of Kapitan Inggo triggered the revelion. The people and Tenyong fought against the Spaniards for there freedom. 

Psychoanalytic Criticism

Orphan 

Plot

Kate Coleman (Vera Farmiga) and her husband John (Peter Sarsgaard) are experiencing strains in their marriage after their third child was stillborn. The loss is particularly hard on Kate, who is also recovering from alcoholism. The couple decides to adopt a 9-year-old Russian girl, Esther (Isabelle Fuhrman), from the local orphanage. While Kate and John's deaf-mute daughter Max (Aryana Engineer) embraces Esther almost immediately, their son Daniel (Jimmy Bennett) is less welcoming.

Kate becomes suspicious that there might be problems in Esther's background when Esther expresses far more knowledge of sex than expected of a child her age. Her suspicions deepen when Esther seriously injures another girl which was Brenda who was bullying Esther due of her bible at a local park. While she initially believes Esther's claim that it was an accident, Kate is further alarmed when Sister Abigail (CCH Pounder), the head of the orphanage, warns her and John that bad things always seem to happen when Esther is around. Esther overhears this and, as Sister Abigail is leaving in her car, Esther pushes Max into its path, forcing her to swerve off the road. Sister Abigail rushes to see if Max is hurt, but Esther kills her with a hammer, then convinces Max to help her hide the weapon in their treehouse. Kate is convinced that something is very wrong with Esther, but John does not believe her. Attempting to find out more about Esther, Kate finds the girl's hidden Bible and discovers that it came from the Saarne Institute in Estonia, which she eventually learns is a mental hospital. She e-mails a picture of Esther to them and asks for more information.

When Daniel learns about Sister Abigail's death from Max, he tells her of his plan to retrieve the hammer to prove Esther's guilt. However, Esther overhears their conversation and confronts Daniel as he searches the treehouse, setting it ablaze and locking Daniel inside in an attempt to kill him and destroy the evidence. Daniel falls to the ground trying to escape, and is knocked unconscious. Esther attempts to finish him off with a rock, but Max stops her. While Daniel is hospitalized from his fall, Esther slips into his room and smothers him with a pillow, stopping his heart, but doctors quickly revive him. Kate, realizing what happened, attacks Esther, but orderlies help John restrain her. As John takes Esther and Max home, doctors sedate Kate.
That night, Esther tries to seduce a drunken John, who finally believes Kate was right and threatens to send Esther back to the orphanage. Meanwhile, as Kate is coming out of sedation, she receives a call from a doctor at the Saarne Institute, who reveals that Esther is actually a 33-year-old woman named Leena Klammer. She has hypopituitarism, a condition that stunted her physical growth, and has spent most of her life posing as a little girl. The doctor tells Kate that Leena is extremely violent and has murdered at least seven people, and that she bears scars on her neck and wrists, which Esther always kept covered, received while trying to escape her strait jacket. Among her victims were a family that adopted her in Estonia, whom she killed because the father rejected her sexual advances.

Leena flies into a rage after being spurned by John, and ransacks her room. Then, after removing the makeup, false teeth, and body wrappings that enhanced her illusion as youthful "Esther", Leena kills him with a knife. Max witnesses this, and hides. Kate, unable to get John on the phone, rushes home and finds him dead. Leena gets a gun from John's safe and shoots Kate in the arm, then goes searching for Max, finding her in the greenhouse. While Leena shoots at Max, Kate crawls onto the greenhouse roof, breaks through the glass above Leena, and lands on her, knocking her out. Kate takes the gun and leaves the greenhouse with Max.

Leena regains consciousness and finds Kate and Max outside near a frozen pond. Leena lunges at Kate, knocking the gun out of Kate's hand and hurling them both onto the ice. As Max watches from a hill above, she picks up the gun and tries to shoot Leena, but hits and shatters the ice instead, causing Kate and Leena to drop into the water. After a brief struggle, Kate climbs partially out of the pond with Leena desperately clinging to her legs. Leena, hiding a knife behind her back and reverting to her little-girl persona, begs Kate not to let her die. Kate angrily responds that she is not her mother, and kicks Leena in the face, breaking her neck and sending her sinking back into the pond. Max and Kate are met by the police moments after.

Analysis

Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author. It seeks evidence of unresolved emotions, psychological conflicts, guilt, ambivalence, and so forth.


In the movie Orphan there is clear view of psychological conflicts and unresolved emotions. The situation of Kate shows unresolved emotions. She feels grief towards her lost child. She hasn't moved on with the death of her third child which causes her to have nightmares about the death of the child. Because of this Kate is emotionally unstable.

For Kate to get over her child's death, they decided to adopt another child. This is where Esther comes in. A sweet and innocent child but only on the outside. Kate notices some weird things about Esther that she just can't put her mind into. It was then revealed that Esther is actually a 33 year old woman having hypopituitarism, a condition that stunted her physical growth, She has spent most of her life posing as a little girl. She is extremely violent and has murdered at least seven people. This part shows the psychological conflicts.

New Criticism

George Who played with a Dangerous Toy by Hillaire Belloc

Who played with a Dangerous Toy, and suffered a Catastrophe of considerable Dimensions

When George's Grandmamma was told
That George had been as good as gold,
She promised in the afternoon
To buy him an Immense BALLOON.
And so she did; but when it came,
It got into the candle flame,
And being of a dangerous sort
Exploded with a loud report!
The lights went out! The windows broke!
The room was filled with reeking smoke.
And in the darkness shrieks and yells
Were mingled with electric bells,
And falling masonry and groans,
And crunching, as of broken bones,
And dreadful shrieks, when, worst of all,
The house itself began to fall!
It tottered, shuddering to and fro,
Then crashed into the street below-
Which happened to be Savile Row.

When help arrived, among the dead
Were Cousin Mary, Little Fred,
The Footmen (both of them), the Groom,
The man that cleaned the Billiard-Room,
The Chaplain, and the Still-Room Maid.
And I am dreadfully afraid
That Monsieur Champignon, the Chef,
Will now be permanently deaf-
And both his aides are much the same;
While George, who was in part to blame,
Received, you will regret to hear,
A nasty lump behind the ear. 

Analysis

In New Criticism meaning resides in the text - not in reader, author or word. Literary pieces under new criticism may have multiple meanings/messages but has a unifying central theme. So it means that no matter how many perspective you get the main theme would still be the literal meaning that is being shown in the literary piece. Since this poem falls under new criticism, the meaning is simply, little boys should not be given dangerous toys. A reader may have a different understanding or a deeper comprehension but the main meaning is as is, that little boys should not play and be given a dangerous toy.

Marxism

The Secret Life of Bees by  Sue Monn Kidd

Plot

Set in South Carolina in the months of July and August, 1964, The Secret Life of Bees tells the story of 14-year-old Lily Melissa Owens, who is in search of her mother's past. She lives in a house with a neglectful and abusive father, whom she refers to as T. Ray. They have an African-American maid, Rosaleen, who acts as a surrogate mother for Lily. The book opens with Lily's memories of the day that her mother, Deborah, died. She vividly remembers her mother and father fighting. A gun fell to the floor and into the hands of four-year-old Lily, who accidentally shot Deborah. Lily is haunted by the fragmented memory of the incident.

When the Civil Rights Act is put into effect, Rosaleen decides to register to vote. She and Lily walk into town, where Rosaleen is harassed by three white men. She gets into an argument with them, pours her spit jug on their feet, and is brutally beaten in return. Lily and Rosaleen are put in jail. T. Ray takes Lily home from jail, they get into an argument and T. Ray tells Lily that her mother abandoned her. Lily is infuriated and believes that this revelation could not possibly be true. When T. Ray is outside, Lily runs away with all of her belongings. She escapes with Rosaleen by sneaking her out of the hospital where her injuries were being treated.

They begin hitchhiking toward Tiburon, SC, a place written on the back of an image of the Virgin Mary as a black woman, which Deborah had owned. They spend a night in the woods with little food and little hope before reaching Tiburon. There, they buy lunch at a diner, and Lily recognizes a picture of the same "Black Mary", but on the side of a jar of honey. They receive directions to the origin of that honey, the Boatwright residence. They are introduced to the Boatwright sisters, the makers of the honey: August, May and June, who are all black. Lily makes up a story about being an orphan. Lily and Rosaleen are invited to stay with the sisters.

They learn the ways of the Boatwrights, as well as the ways of beekeeping. With a new home and a new family for the time being, Lily learns more about the Black Madonna honey that the sisters make. She begins working as August's beekeeping apprentice to repay her for her kindness, while Rosaleen works around the house. Lily finds out that May had a twin sister, April, who committed suicide with their father's shotgun when they were younger. [1] She watches June's ongoing flirtations with, and refusals of, her friend Neil. Lily and Rosaleen also get to see the sisters' form of religion. They hold service at their house which they call "The Daughters of Mary." They keep a figurehead of "Black Mary," or "our lady of chains" which was actually a statue from the bow of an ancient ship, and August tells the story of how a man by the name of Obadiah, who was a slave, found this figure. The slaves thought that God had answered their prayers asking for rescue, and "to send them consolation" and "to send them freedom."[2] It gave them hope, and the figure had been passed down for generations.

Lily meets Zach, August's godson. They soon develop intimate feelings for each other. Acknowledging the trouble that an interracial couple could cause in the South, they attempt to put their feelings aside. They share goals with each other while working the hives. Both Lily and Zach find their goals nearly impossible to meet, but still encourage each other to attempt them. Zach wants to be the "ass-busting lawyer", which means he would be the first black lawyer in the area.[3]Lily wants to be a short story writer.

Zach and Lily go out for a honey run, but Zach and some friends get arrested for "injuring" a white man. The Boatwright house decides not to tell May in fear of an unbearable emotional episode. The secret does not stay hidden for long, and May becomes catatonic with depression. [4] May leaves the house and August, June, Lily and Rosaleen find her lying dead in the river with a rock on her chest, an apparent suicide.

A vigil is held that lasts four days. In that time, Zach is freed from jail with no charges, and black cloth is draped over the beehives to symbolize the mourning. May's suicide letter is found and in it she says, "It's my time to die, and it's your time to live. Don't mess it up."[5] August interprets this as urging June to marry Neil. May is later buried. Life begins to turn back to normal after a time of grieving, bringing the Boatwright house back together. June after several rejections, agrees to give her hand in marriage to Neil. Zach vows to Lily that they will be together someday.[6]

Lily finally finds out the truth about her mother. August was her mother's nanny, and helped raise her. After her marriage to T. Ray began to sour, Deborah left and went to stay with the Boatwrights. She eventually decided to leave him permanently and returned to their house to collect Lily. While packing to leave, T. Ray returned home. Their ensuing argument turned into a physical fight during which Deborah gets a gun. After a brief struggle, the gun accidentally discharges, killing Deborah. T. Ray, having never been able to get over the fact that his wife was leaving him, never told Lily about what actually happened.

While Lily is coming to terms with this information, T. Ray shows up at the pink house to take her back home. Lily refuses, and T. Ray flies into an enraged rampage. He has a violent flashback which brings him around. August steps in and offers to let Lily stay with her. T. Ray gives in and agrees. However, right before T. Ray leaves the Boatwright house, Lily asks him what really happened the day her mother died. T. Ray confirms that she did do it.
(from Wikipedia.com)

Analysis

Marxist theory is a form of critique for interrogating all societies and their text in terms of certain specific issues - including race, class, and the attitudes shared within a given culture.

I think that this falls under Marxist theory because its main theme is racism. At the first part of the novel, although Lily isn't a racist she has this thinking that all African Americans are like Rosaleen, an uneducated laborer-turned-housekeeper. But when she met August Boatwright she realized that she was wrong. August is a smart, sensitive and creative black person opposite of what Lily thought of all black people. As individuals, humans can display a complex array of personality traits and characteristics, regardless of skin color or ethnicity.

Another part wherein Lily showed subtle prejudice is when she met Zach, a charming and handsome young African American man, whom she had a romantic feelings toward. Since, she was taught that black boys could not possibly be handsome, because the features of their faces were so different from those of white boys, realization hit her again that she had been irrational and racist. She ignored the problems that their love will cause especially during that time that racism is a big deal.
   

Romanticism

Delirium by Lauren Oliver

Plot

The story is set in Portland, Maine, in an alternate present. Civilization is concentrated in those cities which escaped the severe bombings of decades past. Travel between cities is highly restricted. Electric fences separate the city from the Wilds--unregulated territory which was presumably mostly destroyed by bombs.

The totalitarian government teaches that love is a disease, amor deliria nervosa, commonly referred to as the delirium. A surgical cure for the delirium has been developed and is mandatory for citizens 18 years old and over. Lena has looked forward to the procedure for years, convinced as she is by the government that love is a horrible disease that must be destroyed from mankind's system.

However, mere months before her scheduled procedure, Lena falls in love with an Invalid (a person over 18 who has not taken the Cure and lives in the Wilds) named Alex. He was born in the Wilds outside the city, and has pretended to be cured in order to live undetected in the city. He offers Lena the means of escape from the procedure that will destroy her ability to love. The two of them would leave the city and live in the Wilds, joining the rebels who oppose the procedure and the government. Although Lena struggles with the thought of leaving her life behind, she ultimately decides to go just seven days before her procedure.

Alex and Lena are discovered meeting together a few nights before their planned escape. Lena is captured and held in her home, tied down and under guard, until she can have the procedure to cure her of her lovesickness--and render her docile and unresisting. Alex rescues her and they attempt to escape the city, but Alex allows himself to be captured and shot on the spot to save Lena. She runs off into the Wilds, not wanting Alex's sacrifice to be in vain.

(from Wikipedia)

Analysis

I first saw this book after I read the book Before I Fall (from the same author). I was really interested by this so I decided to give it a shot. Although this book is classified as a dystopian novel, I still think that this falls under romanticism. There is a spontaneous overflow of a powerful feeling which is love. It is first and foremost a love story. But it isn't just a love story, it did not only focused on romantic relationship. It also tackled how this cure affected Lena's family and friends. It shows how families break without love and how friendships change without love.

In the story people are afraid of love. Scientists are able to eradicate love, and the government demands that all citizens receive the cure upon turning eighteen, but with ninety-five days left until her treatment, Lena does the unthinkable: She falls in love. You will see here the things Lena did in order for her to still feel love.

Reader-Response Criticism

The Mother by Gwendolyn Brook

Abortions will not let you forget. 

You remember the children you got that you did not get, 

The damp small pulps with a little or with no hair, 

The singers and workers that never handled the air. 

You will never neglect or beat 

Them, or silence or buy with a sweet. 

You will never wind up the sucking-thumb 

Or scuttle off ghosts that come. 

You will never leave them, controlling your luscious sigh, 

Return for a snack of them, with gobbling mother-eye. 

I have heard in the voices of the wind the voices of my dim killed 

children. 

I have contracted. I have eased 

My dim dears at the breasts they could never suck. 

I have said, Sweets, if I sinned, if I seized 

Your luck 

And your lives from your unfinished reach, 

If I stole your births and your names, 

Your straight baby tears and your games, 

Your stilted or lovely loves, your tumults, your marriages, aches, 

and your deaths, 

If I poisoned the beginnings of your breaths, 

Believe that even in my deliberateness I was not deliberate. 

Though why should I whine, 

Whine that the crime was other than mine?-- 

Since anyhow you are dead. 

Or rather, or instead, 

You were never made. 

But that too, I am afraid, 

Is faulty: oh, what shall I say, how is the truth to be said? 

You were born, you had body, you died. 

It is just that you never giggled or planned or cried. 

Believe me, I loved you all. 

Believe me, I knew you, though faintly, and I loved, I loved you 

All.

Analysis:

This poem is generally about the issue of abortion and the feelings of the mother regarding the lost child. Based from the lines the mother is remembering her and child and longs the feeling of having a child. There is the feeling of sadness, remorse, and longing for the unborn child. You can read at the end of the poem that the mother is asking for forgiveness and that she truly loves the child. I think that the mother is regretting her decision to abort the child. Maybe the mother doesn't have the choice that's why she is asking for forgiveness.

Reader - response criticism focuses primarily on the reader's reaction to a text. I think that this falls under reader response criticism because one can have a different opinion about the main idea of the poem which is the abortion. A person who committed abortion could have a different reaction to someone who has not committed one.